Part 1 Introduction |
Part 2 Established Democracies |
Part 3 Developing Democracies |
Part 4 Non-Democracies
[top]Part 1 Introduction1 Introducing Comparative Politics 1 The Global Challenge of Comparative Politics
Globalization and Comparative Politics
Making Sense of Turbulent Times
2 What—and How—Comparative Politics Compares
Level of Analysis
Casual Theories
3 Themes for Comparative Analysis
Theme 1: A World of States
Theme 2: Governing the Economy
Theme 3: The Democratic Idea
Theme 4: The Politics of Collective Identity
4 Classifying Political Systems
Global Connection: How Is Development Measured?
5 Organization of the Text
1: The Making of the Modern State
2: Political Economy and Development
3: Governance and Policy-Making
4: Representation and Participation
5: Politics in Transition
[top]Part 2 Established Democracies 2 Britain 1 The Making of the Modern British State
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
The Seventeenth-Century Settlement
The Industrial Revolution and the British Empire
The Industrial Revolution
The British Empire
Industrial Change and the Struggle for
Voting Rights
World Wars, Industrial Strife, and the Depression (1914–1945)
Collectivist Consensus (1945–1979)
Margaret Thatcher and the Enterprise Culture (1979–1990)
New Labour’s Third Way
Blair’s Agenda for Britain
[top]Leaders: Tony Blair
After September 11
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
Economic Management
The Consensus Era
Thatcherite Policy Orientation
New Labour’s Economic Policy Approach
Political Implications of Economic Policy
Social Policy
The Welfare State Under Thatcher and Major
New Labour Social Policy
Society and Economy
Inequality and Ethnic Minorities
Inequality and Women
Britain and the International Political Economy
Economic Integration and Political Disintegration
Making the Most of Globalization?
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Executive
Cabinet Government
Bureaucracy and Civil Service
Public and Semipublic Institutions
Nationalized Industries
Nondepartmental Public Bodies
Other State Institutions
The Military and the Police
The Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
House of Commons
[top]Institutional Intricacies: The Legislative Process
House of Lords
Reforms in Behavior and Structure
Behavioral Changes: Backbench Dissent
Structural Changes: Parliamentary Committees
Political Parties and the Party System
Labour Party
Conservative Party
Liberal Democrats and Other Parties
Elections
Electoral System
Trends in Electoral Behavior
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Citizenship and National Identity
Ethnicity
Gender
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests
Current Challenges: The Gender-Generation Gap
5 British Politics in Transition Citizen Action: The Fuel Crisis
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Constitutional Reform
Identities in Flux
European Integration
Post–9/11: Britain’s Special Relationship
with the United States
British Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]3 France
1 The Making of the Modern French State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
Creating Modern France
The
Ancien Régime
The Two Faces of the French Revolution, 1789–1815
Many Regimes, Slow Industrialization: 1815–1940
Vichy France (1940–1944) and the Fourth Republic
(1946–1958)
The Fifth Republic (1958 to the Present)
The Le Pen Bombshell
Leaders: Jean-Marie Le Pen
France in the Euro Era
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Governing the Economy
The Democratic Idea
Politics of Collective Identity
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
The New French Revolution
Planning
Dirigisme Under de Gaulle
France’s Economic Miracle
May 1968 and Beyond: Economic Crisis and Political
Conflict
Economic Instability
French Socialism in Practice—and Conservative
Aftermath
France’s Neoliberal Modernization Strategy
Privatization
Deregulation and Liberalization
Global Connection: France and the European Union
The End of
Dirigisme or
Dirigiste
Disengagement?
Society and Economy
Welfare State
Inequality and Ethnic Minorities
Inequality and Women
The Generation Gap 1
France and the International Political Economy
Impact of the European Union
France in the Global Economy
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Executive
The President
Presidential Personalities
The Constitutional Presidency
The Political President
The Prime Minister and Government
Institutional Intricacies: Of Presidents and Prime Ministers
Bureaucracy and Civil Service
Semipublic Agencies
Other State Institutions
The Military and the Police
The Judiciary and the Constitutional Council
State Council
The Economic and Social Council
Subnational Government
The European Dimension
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
The Major Parties
Union pour la majorité présidentielle
Parti socialiste
Small Parties 118
Parti communiste français (PCF)
Front national (FN)
Les Verts (Greens)
Union des démocrates pour
la France
Elections
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Citizenship and National Identity
Ethnicity and Immigration
Social Class
Gender
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests
Organized Interests
Social Movements and Protest
Citizen Action: French Trade Unions
5 French Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
The Strikes of December 1995: May 1968 Redux?
Oui to Roquefort Cheese,
Non to Genetically
Engineered Products
The Challenge of Le Pen
Muslim-Jewish Tensions
Institutional Strains and New Issues and Sources of Partisan Conflict:
Economy and Identity
“It’s the Economy, Stupid”
The Challenge of European and Global Integration
French Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]4 Germany
1 The Making of the Modern German State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
Nationalism and German Unification (1806–1871)
The Second Reich (1871–1918)
The Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
The Third Reich (1933–1945)
A Divided Germany (1945–1990)
The Challenge of German Unification (1990–1998)
Germany in the Euro Era (1998– )
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
The Role of the State Before 1945
The Social Market Economy
Welfare Provision
Current Strains on the Social Market Economy
Society and Economy
Germany and the International Political Economy
The European Union
Germany in a Globalizing World
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Basic Law and Promoting Stability
Government Institutions
The Executive
The Bureaucracy
Semipublic Institutions
Citizen Action: Co-Determination
Other State Institutions
The Military and Police
The Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
The Bundestag
The Bundesrat
Political Parties and the Party System
The Social Democratic Party
The Greens
Leaders: Gerhard Schröder
The Christian Democrats
The Free Democratic Party
The Party of Democratic Socialism
Elections
Institutional Intricacies: Proportional Representation and the Story
of the German “Double Ballot”
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Current Challenges: The Complicated Politics of Immigration
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest
5 German Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Global Connection: The EU and the Euro
German Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]5 Japan
1 The Making of the Modern Japanese State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
Ancient and Medieval Japan
The Tokugawa Shogunate (1603–1867)
Japan in the Meiji-Taisho Era (1868–1925)
Japan Under Military Rule and in War
The Allied Occupation (1945–1952)
Contemporary Japan (1952 to the Present)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
Wars and Japanese Economic Development
The State’s Role in the Economy
Society and Economy
The Private Sector
Employment, Social Security, and Taxation
Current Challenges: The Protracted Recession
Japan and the International Political Economy
The Trading State
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Japanese Monarchy and the Royal Family
The Executive
The Cabinet
Leaders: Japan’s Royal Family
The National Bureaucracy
Institutional Intricacies: Vicissitudes of Bureaucratic Power and Pride
Public and Semipublic Agencies
Other State Institutions
The Military
Institutional Intricacies: Japan’s Self-Defense Forces
The Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
Elections
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest
Energy and Environmental Issues
Ethnic Minorities: Ainu, Outcastes, Koreans, and Immigrants
Women’s Movement
Japan: A Classless Society?
5 Japanese Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Japanese Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]6 India
1 The Making of the Modern Indian State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
The Colonial Legacy (1757–1947)
The Nationalist Movement (1885–1947)
Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi
The Nehru Era (1947–1964)
Leaders: The Nehru-Gandhi Dynasty
The Indira Gandhi Era (1966–1984)
Coalition Governments and the Growth of the BJP (1989
to the Present)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Governing the Economy
The Democratic Idea
The Politics of Collective Identity
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
The Economy Under British Rule
The Economy After Independence
Economic Liberalization
Reforms in Agriculture
Social Welfare Policy
Society and Economy
India and the International Political Economy
Institutional Intricacies: The Caste System
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Executive
The President and the Prime Minister
The Cabinet
The Bureaucracy
Other State Institutions
The Military and the Police
The Judiciary
Institutional Intricacies: The Executive Versus the Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
The Congress Party
The Janata Party
The Bharatiya Janata (BJP)
The Communist Party of India (CPM)
Elections
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest
5 Indian Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Challenges Agendas
Kashmir Within a World of States
The Effects of September 11
Nuclear Power Status
Civil Liberties
The Challenge of Ethnic Diversity
Economic Performance
Indian Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]7 The United States 1 The Making of the Modern American State
Politics in Action
Leaders: George Bush
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
The Revolutionary Era (1773–1789)
The Civil War and Reconstruction (1861–1876)
Institutional Intricacies: The Electoral College
The Neal Deal Era (1933–1940)
Divided Government and Political Contestation of the
Scope of Government (1968 to the Present)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
Society and Economy
The United States and the International Political Economy
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Executive
The Presidency
The Cabinet and the Bureaucracy
Other State Institutions
The Military
The Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
Elections
Citizen Action: The Green Party
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest
5 United States Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
United States Politics in Comparative Perspective
Current Challenges: Incorporating Immigrants
[top]Part 3 Developing Democracies
8 Russia
1 The Making of the Modern Russian State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
The Decline of the Russian Tsarist State
The Bolshevik Revolution and the Establishment of Soviet
Power (1917–1929)
The Stalin Revolution (1929–1953)
Attempts at De-Stalinization (1953–1985)
Perestroika and Glasnost (1985–1991)
Collapse of the USSR and the Emergence of the Russian
Federation (1991 to the Present)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Leaders: Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
The Soviet Economic System
State and Economy in the Russian Federation
Society and Economy
Soviet Social Policy
Economic Reform and Russian Society
Russian Political Culture and Economic Change
Russia and the International Political Economy
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Soviet State
Current Challenges: Russian Oligarchs: A New Ruling Class?
The New Russian State
The Executive
The National Bureaucracy
Other State Institutions
The Military and Security Organs
The Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
Current Challenges: The Chechnya Crisis
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
The Russian Left: The Communist Party of the Russian
Federation
Centrist Parties: Unity and the Fatherland-All Russia
Yabloko and Other Liberal/Reform Parties
Nationalist/Patriotic Parties
Elections
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests
5 Russian Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Russia in the World of States
Governing the Economy
The Democratic Idea
The Politics of Collective Identities
Russian Politics in Comparative Perspective
Global Connection: Joining the West or Aid Recipient?
[top]9 Brazil
1 The Making of the Modern Brazilian State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
The Brazilian Empire (1822–1889)
The Old Republic (1889–1930)
The 1930 Revolution
Leaders: Getúlio Dornelles Vargas
The Populist Republic (1945–1964)
The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism (1964–1985)
The Transition to Democracy and the First Civilian Governments (1974–2002)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
The Environmental Costs of State-Led Growth
The Fiscal System
The Problem of Inflation
Society and Economy
The Welfare System
Agrarian Reform
Brazil and the International Political Economy
Global Connection: Governing the Economy in a World of States: MERCOSUL
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Executive
The Bureaucracy: State and Semipublic Firms
The Military and the Police
Other State Institutions
The Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
Institutional Intricacies: Proportional Representation
Citizen Action: The Workers’ Party
Elections
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest
5 Brazilian Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Brazilian Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]10 Mexico
1 The Making of the Modern Mexican State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
Independence and Instability (1810–1876)
The Porfiriato (1876–1911)
Global Connection: Conquest or Encounter?
The Revolution of 1910 and the Sonoran Dynasty (1910–1934)
Lázaro Cárdenas, Agrarian Reform, and the Workers (1934–1940)
The Politics of Rapid Development (1940–1982)
Crisis and Reform (1982 to the Present)
Citizen Action: Rebellion in Chiapas
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
Import Substitution and Its Consequences
Sowing the Oil and Reaping a Crisis
New Strategies and Democratic Institutions
Society and Economy
Mexico and the International Political Economy
Global Connection: NAFTA and Beyond
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Executive
The President and the Cabinet
Leaders: Vicente Fox Quesada
The Bureaucracy
The Para-Statal Sector
Other State Institutions
The Military
The Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
The
PRI
The
PAN
The
PRD
Other Parties
Elections
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Interests and Social Movements, and Protests
Citizen Action: Urban Popular Movements
5 Mexican Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Current Challenges: Human Rights in Mexico
Mexican Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]11 Nigeria
1 The Making of the Modern Nigerian State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
The Precolonial Period (800–1900)
Colonial Rule and Its Impact (1860–1945)
Divisive Identities: Ethnic Politics Under Colonialism (1945–1960)
The First Republic (1960–1966)
Civil War and Military Rule (1966–1979)
The Second and Third Republics, and Predatory Military Rule (1979–1999)
The Fourth Republic (1999 to the Present)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Nigeria in the World of States: Oil Dependence and Decline
Governing Nigeria’s Economy
Democratic Ideas Amid Colonialism and Military Rule
Nigeria’s Fragile Collective Identity
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
Origins of Economic Decline
From 1985 to the Present: Deepening Economic Crisis and the Search for Solutions
Structural Adjustment
Global Connection: Structural Adjustment Programs
Economic Planning
Social Welfare
Current Challenges: Vision 2010
Society and Economy
Ethnic and Religious Cleavages
Gender Differences
Nigeria and the International Political Economy
Nigeria and the Regional Political Economy
Nigeria and the Political Economy of the West
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The National Question and Constitutional Governance
Federalism and State Structure
The Executive
Evolution of the Executive Function
Current Challenges: Nigeria’s Federal Character
The Executive Under Military Rule
Current Challenges: Federalism in Nigeria
The Obasanjo Administration
The Bureaucracy
Para-Statals
Current Challenges: Prebendalism
Other State Institutions
The Judiciary
State and Local Judiciaries
State and Local Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
The Party System and Elections
New Alignments: Abacha’s Ambition and Abubakar’s Promise
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Modernity Versus Traditionalism
Religion
The Press
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests
Labor
The Business Community
Other Social Groups
5 Nigerian Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Nigerian Politics in Comparative Perspective
A World of States
Governing the Economy
The Democratic Idea
Collective Identities
[top]Part 4 Non-Democracies
12 Iran
1 The Making of the Modern Iranian State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
The Safavids (1501–1722)
Background: Islam and Shi’ism
The Qajars (1794–1925)
The Pahlavis (1925–1979)
The Islamic Revolution (1979)
Leaders: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
The Islamic Republic (1979 to the Present)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
The Economy in the Nineteenth Century
The Oil Economy
Society and Economy
Iran and the International Political Economy
Under the Shah
The Islamic Republic
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Supreme Leader
The Executive
The President and the Cabinet
Leaders: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
The Bureaucracy
Semipublic Institutions
Leaders: Sayyid Muhammad Khatami
Other State Institutions
The Military
The Judiciary
Leaders: Hojjat al-Islam Ali-Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ali-Akbar
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
Elections
The First Majles (1980)
The Second Majles (1984)
The Third (1988), Fourth (1992), and Fifth (1996) Majleses
The Sixth Majles (2000)
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests
5 Iranian Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Iranian Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]13 China
1 The Making of the Modern Chinese State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
From Empire to Republic (221 b.c.–1911 a.d)
Warlords, Nationalists, and Communists (1912–1949)
Mao in Power (1949–1976)
Global Connection: The Republic of China on Taiwan
Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of Chinese Communism (1977–1997)
From Revolutionary Leaders to Technocrats (1997 to the Present)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
The World of States
Governing the Economy
The Democratic Idea
The Politics of Collective Identity
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
The Maoist Economy
China Goes to Market
Remaking the Chinese Countryside
The Political Impact of Economic Reform
Current Challenges: China’s One-Child Policy
Society and Economy
China and the International Political Economy
[top]Global Connection: Hong Kong: From China to Britain—and Back Again
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Executive
The Chinese Communist Party
The Government of the
PRC
The Bureaucracy
Other State Institutions
The Military and the Police
The Judiciary
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Political Parties and the Party System
The Chinese Communist Party
China’s Noncommunist Parties
Elections
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
From Communism to Consumerism
Citizenship and National Identity
China’s Non-Chinese Citizens
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests
Current Challenges: Tibet and China
Mechanisms of Social Control
Protest and the Party-State
5 Chinese Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Scenes from the Chinese Countryside
Economic Management, Social Tension, and Political Legitimacy
China and the Democratic Idea
Chinese Politics in Comparative Perspective
China as a Communist Party-State
China as a Third World State
[top] 14 South Africa 1 The Making of the Modern South African State
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
Settlement, 1688–1911
Dynamics of the Frontier, 1779–1906
Imperialist Against Republicans, 1867–1910
The Origins of Modern Institutionalized Racism, 1910–1945
Apartheid and African Resistance, 1945–1960
The Sharpeville Massacre and Grand Apartheid, 1960–1976
Generational Revolt and Political Reform, 1976–1990
Global Connection: Sanctions Movement
The South African Miracle, 1990–Present
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Leaders: Nelson Mandela
South Africa in a World of States
Governing the Economy
The Democratic Idea
Collective Identity
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
State and Economy
Labor Control and Protection
Apartheid Economics
A Racially Segmented Welfare State
Liberalization and Deregulation
Environmental Politics
Society and Economy
Social Inequality
Poverty
South Africa and the International Political Economy
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
Institutional Intricacies: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
The Executive
Semipresidentialism
Cabinet
Regional Government
Implications of Centralized Authority
State Capacity
Leaders: Thabo Mbeki
Other State Institutions
The Judiciary
Current Challenges: Provincial Perks
Police
South African National Defence Force
Local Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
Lawmaking
Parliamentary Assertiveness
Executive Versus the Legislature: The Arms Contract
Investigation
Political Parties and the Party System
The African National Congress
Smaller Parties
Electoral Trends
The Democratic Party and Opposition Politics
Elections
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Interests, Social Movements, and Protest
5 South African Politics in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
Citizen Action: The Treatment Action Campaign
South African Politics in Comparative Perspective
[top]15 East-Central Europe
1 The Making of the Modern East-Central Europe
Politics in Action
Geographic Setting
Critical Junctures
Underdevelopment and Subordination (Fifteenth Century
to World War I)
Independence (1918–1939)
The Beginnings of Communism (1945–1949)
The Rebirth of Democracy (1956–1989)
The Collapse of Communism (1989–1991)
The Road to European Integration (1998 to the Present)
Themes and Implications
Historical Junctures and Political Themes
Implications for Comparative Politics
2 Political Economy and Development
The Rise of the Peculiar Settlement
Failure and Demise
State and Economy
Economy Management
Institutional Intricacies: Shock Therapy in Practice
Welfare State
Society and Economy
Inequality and Minorities
Inequality and Women
The Generation Gap
East-Central Europe and the International Political Economy
3 Governance and Policy-Making
Organization of the State
The Executive
Cabinet Government
Bureaucracy and Civil Service
Other State Institutions
The Military and the Police
The Judiciary
Institutional Intricacies: Jan Kavan and the Perils of Lustration
Subnational Government
The Policy-Making Process
4 Representation and Participation
The Legislature
The Procedures of Lawmaking
Parliamentarians
Political Parties, the Party System, and Elections
Hungary
Poland
Czech Republic
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity
Social Class
Citizenship and Nationality
Religion and Politics
Ethnicity
Gender
Interests, Social Movements, and Protests
5 East-Central Europe in Transition
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas
East-Central European Politics in Comparative Perspective
