1.  Compare and contrast descriptive, substantive, and symbolic forms of representation. In what specific ways is each significant for women and politics? If more women are elected to office descriptive representation is enhanced, but does that automatically mean that substantive representation is improved as well? Why or why not?





2.  In your judgment, how are women candidates and officeholders affected by their status as outsiders? As more women are elected and become insiders, how will the political agenda be influenced? Will issues important to women be elevated to prominence or be absorbed by other groups or interests?





3.  Identify and explain three ways that women officeholders differ from their male colleagues. Given these differences, do you think it will make a substantive difference if more women are elected? Why or why not?





4.  Francis Fukuyama poses a provocative thesis about biology, feminism, and international relations. Briefly summarize his proposition. If he is correct, what might we expect in world affairs over the next fifty years? In addition to discussing trends in world politics, use at least one specific example that you describe in detail in your answer.