Exercise 2.2: Thinking Deductively and Inductively

Part I

The following are a series of generalizations about politics. Deduce three specific expectations that should follow.

1. The longer a legislator has served in office, the more independence the legislator exhibits.

1. 2. 3.

2. The more the competition among political parties in a state, the greater the spending on social welfare.

1. 2. 3.

3. Candidates who spend more than their opponents on their campaigns usually win.

1. 2. 3.

4. Judges of the US District Courts who were appointed by Republican presidents hand down harsher sentences to those convicted of crimes than those appointed by Democrats.

1. 2. 3.

5.Democratic countries are more likely to go to war against dictatorships than against other democratic countries.

1. 2. 3.

Part II

The following are a series of statements of fact. See if you can discern patterns and develop generalizations that might apply to other facts or events:

1.
Fundamental Protestants tend to be socially conservative.
Orthodox Jews tend to be socially conservative.
Catholics who never miss Mass tend to be socially conservative.

Generalization:

2.
Presidential candidates who spend more than their opponents during primary campaigns are usually nominated.
Candidates for governor who spend more than their opponents during primary campaigns usually receive their party's nomination.
Candidates for mayor who spend more than their opponents on their primary campaigns are usually nominated.

Generalization:

3.
Methodists are likely to vote for Republican candidates.
Presbyterians are likely to vote for Republican candidates.
Episcopalians are likely to vote for Republican candidates.

Generalization:

4.
Sweden mandates a minimal amount of vacation time for workers.
Norway mandates a minimal amount of vacation time for workers.
Denmark mandates a minimal amount of vacation time for workers.

Generalization: