Under what conditions are countries likely to develop civilian control of the military?
Under what conditions are presidents likely to receive legislative support?
Under what conditions are governments likely to spend more money on social policy?
Under what conditions are countries likely to develop democratic political systems?
Under what conditions are civil wars likely to end?
Under what conditions are indigenous rebellions likely to occur?
Under what conditions are citizens likely to support market-oriented economic reform?

Under what conditions are countries likely to develop civilian control of the military?

Burk, James. "Theories of Democratic Civil-Military Relations." Armed Forces and Society v29, #1 (2002): 7-29.

Call, Charles and Kathryn Hochstetler. "War Transitions and the New Civilian Security in Latin America." Comparative Politics v35, #1 (2002): 1-20.

Carranza, Mario. "Transitions to Electoral Regimes and the Future of Civil-Military Relations: in Argentina and Brazil." Latin American Perspectives v25, #5 (1997): 7-27.

Cruz, Consuelo and Rut Diamint. "The New Military Autonomy in Latin America." Journal of Democracy v9, #4 (1998): 115-127.

Hunter, Wendy. "Negotiating Civil-Military Relations in Post-Authoritarian Argentina and Chile." International Studies Quarterly v42, #2 (1998): 295-317.

Huntington, Samuel. "Reforming Civil-Military Relations." Journal of Democracy v6, #4 (1995): 9-17.

Looney, Robert and Peter Frederiksen. "The Effect of Declining Military Influence on Defense Budgets in Latin America." Armed Forces and Society v26, #3 (2000): 437-449.

McSherry, J. Patrice. "Military Political Power and Guardian Structures in Latin America." Journal of Third World Studies v12, #1 (1995): 80-119.

Mora, Frank. "A Comparative Study of Civil-Military Relations in Cuba and China: The Effects of Bingshang." Armed Forces and< Society v28, #2 (2002): 183-208.

Norden, Deborah. "Democracy and Military Control in Venezuela: From Subordination to Insurrection." Latin American Research Review v33, #2 (1998): 143-165.

Norden, Deborah. "Redefining Political-Military Relations in Latin America: Issues of the New Democratic Era." Armed Forces and Society v24, #3 (1998): 419-440.

Pereira, Anthony. "Authoritarian Legacies and the Reform of Military Justice in Brazil, the Southern Cone, and Mexico." Comparative Political Studies v34, #5 (2001): 555-574.

Pion-Berlin, David. "The Armed Forces and Politics: Gains and Snares in Recent Scholarship." Latin American Research Review v30, #1 (1995): 147-162.

Pion-Berlin, David and Craig Arceneaux. "Decision-Makers or Decision-Takers?: Military Missions and Civilian Control in Democratic South America." Armed Forces and Society v26, #3 (2000): 413-436.

Pion-Berlin, David and Craig Arceneaux. "Tipping the Civil-Military Balance: Institutions and Human Rights Policy in Democratic Argentina and Chile." Comparative Political Studies v31, #5 (1998): 633-661.

Ruhl, J. Mark. "Civil-Military Relations in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua." Armed Forces and Society v30, #1 (2003): 117-140.

Ruhl, J. Mark. "Redefining Civil-Military Relations in Honduras." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs v38, #1 (1996): 33-66.

Schirmer, Jennifer. "The Guatemalan Politico-Military Project: Legacies for a Violent Peace?" Latin American Perspectives v26, #2 (1999): 92-107.

Serrano, Monica. "The Armed Branch of the State: Civil-Military Relations in Mexico." Journal of Latin American Studies v27, #2 (1995): 423-448.

Weeks, Gregory. "The Long Road to Civilian Supremacy over the Military: Chile 1990-1998." Studies in Comparative International Development v35, #2 (2000): 65-82.

Zagorski, Paul. "Democratic Breakdown in Venezuela and Paraguay: The Shape of Things to Come in Latin America?" Armed Forces and Society v30, #1 (2003): 87-116.

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Under what conditions are presidents likely to receive legislative support?

Ames, Barry. "Electoral Rules, Constituency Pressures and Pork Barrel: Bases of Voting in the Brazilian Congress." Journal of Politics v57, #2 (1995): 324-343.

Cameron, Maxwell. "Self-coups: Peru, Guatemala, and Russia." Journal of Democracy v9, #1 (1998): 125-139.

Carey, John. "Discipline, Accountability, and Legislative Voting in Latin America." Comparative Politics v35, #2 (2003): 191-211.

Cheibub Figueredo, Argelina and Fernando Limongi. "Presidential Power, Legislative Organization, and Party Behavior in Brazil." Comparative Politics v32, #2 (2000): 151-170.

Cox, Gary and Mathew McCubbins. "Agenda Power in Brazil's Camara dos Diputados, 1989-1998." World Politics v55, #4 (2003): 550-578.

Cox, Gary and Scott Morgenstern. "Latin America's Reactive Assemblies and Proactive Presidents." Comparative Politics v33, #2 (2001): 171-189.

Crisp, Brian and Rachael Ingall. "Institutional Engineering and the Nature of Representation: Mapping the Effects of Electoral Reform in Colombia." American Journal of Political Science v46, #4 (2002): 733-748.

Fleischer, David. "The Cardoso Government's Reform Agenda: A View from the National Congress, 1995-1998." Journal of Interamerican Studies >and >World Affairs v40, #4 (1998): 119-66.

Jones, Mark. "Legislative Behavior and Executive-Legislative Relations in Latin America." Latin American >Research Review v37, #3 (2002): 176-189.

Jones, Mark, et al. "Amateur Legislators-Professional Politicians: The Consequences of Party-Centered Electoral Rules in a Federal System." American Journal of Political Science v46, #3 (2002): 656-669.

Langston, Joy. "Why Rules Matter: Changes in Candidate Selection in Mexico's PRI, 1988-2000." Journal of Latin American Studies v33, #3 (2001): 485-511.

Llanos, Mariana. "Understanding Presidential Power in Argentina: A Study of the Policy of Privatisation in the 1990s." Journal of Latin American Studies v33, #1 (2001): 67-99.

Negretto, Gabriel. "Government Capacities and Policy Making by Decree in Latin America: The Cases of Brazil and Argentina." Comparative Political Studies v37, #5 (2004): 531-562.

Nielson, Daniel and Matthew Shugart. "Constitutional Change in Colombia: Policy Adjustment through Institutional Reform." Comparative Political Studies v32, #3 (1999): 313-341.

Samuels, David. "Concurrent Elections, Discordant Results: Presidentialism, Federalism, and Governance in Brazil." Comparative Politics v33, #1 (2000): 1-20.

Shugart, Matthew. "The Electoral Cycle and Institutional Sources of Divided Presidential Government." American Political Science Review v89, #2 (1995): 327-343.

Siavelis, Peter. "Continuity and Change in the Chilean Party System: On the Transformational Effects of Electoral Reform." Comparative Political Studies v30, #6 (1997): 651-674.

Sojo, Carlos. "In Search of Democratic Governance in Central America." Journal of International Affairs v57, #1 (2003): 153-167.

Taylor-Robinson, Michelle and Christopher Diaz. "Who Gets Legislation Passed in a Marginal Legislature and Is the Label Marginal Legislature Still Appropriate?: A Study of the Honduran Congress." Comparative Political Studies v32, #5 (1999): 589-625.

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Under what conditions are governments likely to spend more money on social policy?

Aizenman, Joshua and Ricardo Hausmann. "The Impact of Inflation on Budgetary Discipline." The Journal of Development Economics v63, #2 (2000): 425-449.

Amorim Neto, Octavio and Hugo Borsani. "Presidents and Cabinets: The Political Determinants of Fiscal Behavior in Latin America." Studies in Comparative International Development v39, #1 (2004): 3-27.

Baldez, Lisa and John Carey. "Presidential Agenda Control and Spending Policy: Lessons from General Pinochet's Constitution." American Journal of Political Science v43, #1 (1999): 29-55.

Brown, David. "Democracy, Authoritarianism and Education Finance in Brazil." Journal of Latin American Studies v34, #1 (2002): 115-141.

Brown, David and Wendy Hunter. "Democracy and Social Spending in Latin America, 1980-92." American Political Science Review v93, #4 (1999): 779-790.

Hunter, Wendy. "World Bank Directives, Domestic Interests, and the Politics of Human Capital Investment in Latin America." Comparative Political Studies v33, #1 (2000): 113-143.

Kaufman, Robert and Alex Segura-Ubiergo. "Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social Spending in Latin America: A Time-Series Cross-Sectional Analysis, 1973-97." World Politics v53, #4 (2001): 551-585.

Lebovic, James. "Spending Priorities and Democratic Rule in Latin America." Journal of Conflict Resolution v45, #4 (2001): 427-452.

Lindert, Peter. "What Limits Social Spending?" Explorations in Economic History v33, #1 (1996): 1-34.

Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. "Social Welfare Reform in the Context of Economic-Political Liberalization: Latin American Cases." World Development v25, #4 (1997): 497-517.

Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria, Roberto Perotti, and Massimo Rostagno. "Electoral Systems and Public Spending." Quarterly Journal of Economics v117, #2 (2002): 609-657.

Sheahan, John. "Government Spending and Income Distribution in Latin America." Latin American Research Review v33, #2 (1998): 185-220.

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Under what conditions are countries likely to develop democratic political systems?

Acemoglu, Daron and James Robinson. "A Theory of Political Transitions." American Economic Review v91, #4 (2001): 938-963.

Bermeo, Nancy. "Rethinking Regime Change." Comparative Politics v22, #3 (1990): 359-377.

Bunce, Valerie. "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations." Comparative Political Studies v33, #6-7 (2000): 703-734.

Espinal, Rosario. "Economic Restructuring, Social Protest, and Democratization in the Dominican Republic." Latin American Perspectives v22, #3 (1995): 63-79.

Friedman, Elisabeth and Kathryn Hochstetler. "Assessing the Third Transition in Latin American Democratization: Representational Regimes and Civil Society in Argentina and Brazil." Comparative Politics v35, #1 (2002): 21-42.

Hagopian, Frances. "After Regime Change: Authoritarian Legacies, Political Representation, and the Democratic Future of South America." World Politics v45, #3 (1993): 464-500.

Hawkins, Darren. "Democratization and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba." Comparative Politics v33, #4 (2001): 441-461.

Hoskin, Gary. "Democratization in Latin America." Latin American Research Review v32, #3 (1997): 209-223.

Jonas, Suzanne. "Democratization Through Peace: The Difficult Case of Guatemala." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs v42, #4 (2000): 9-38.

Karl, Terry. "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America." Comparative Politics v23, #1 (1991): 1-21.

Kelly, Janet. "Democracy Redux: How Real is Democracy in Latin America?" Latin American Research Review v33, #1 (1998): 212-225.

Klesner, Joseph. "An Electoral Route to Democracy?: Mexico's Transition in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics v30, #4 (1998): 477-497.

Lijphart, Arend. "The Southern European Examples of Democratization: Six Lessons for Latin America." Government and Opposition v25, #1 (1990): 68-84.

Mahoney, James. "Path-Dependent Explanations of Regime Change: Central America in Comparative Perspective." Studies in Comparative International Development v36, #1 (2001): 111-141.

Nuzzi O'Shaughnessy, Laura and Michael Dodson. "Political Bargaining and Democratic Transitions: A Comparison of Nicaragua and El Salvador." Journal of Latin American Studies v31, #1 (1999): 99-127.

O'Donnell, Guillermo. "On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries." World Development v21, #8 (1993): 1355-1369.

Pickel, Andreas. "Is Cuba Different? Regime Stability, Social Change, and the Problem of Reform Strategy." Communist and Post Communist Studies v31, #1 (1998): 75-90.

Shifter, Michael. "Tensions and Trade-offs in Latin America." Journal of Democracy v8, #2 (1997): 114-128.

Taylor, Steven. "Democratization in Latin America." Latin American Research Review v37, #3 (2002): 162-176.

Teichman, Judith. "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Mexican Authoritarianism." Mexican Studies v13, #1 (1997): 121-147.

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Under what conditions are civil wars likely to end?

Boyce, James. "External Assistance and the Peace Process in El Salvador." World Development v23, #12 (1995): 2101-2116.

Hartzell, Caroline and Matthew Hoddie. "Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Management." American Journal of Political Science v47, #2 (2003): 318-332.

Hartzell, Caroline, Matthew Hoddie, and Donald Rothchild. "Stabilizing the Peace After Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables." International Organization v55, #1 (2001): 183-208.

Jensen, Lloyd. "Issue Flexibility in Negotiating Internal War." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science v542 (1995): 116-130.

Lopez-Reyes, Ramon. "El Salvador: In Search of a Non-Violent Peace." Peace Research v29, #4 (1997): 35-54.

Lumsden, Eleanor. "An Uneasy Peace: Multilateral Military Intervention in Civil Wars." New York University Journal of International Law and Politics v35, #3 (2003): 795-838.

Mason, David. "The Civil War in El Salvador: A Retrospective Analysis." Latin American Research Review v34, #3 (1999): 179-196.

Mason, David, Joseph Weingarten, Jr., and Patrick Fett. "Win, Lose, or Draw: Predicting the Outcome of Civil Wars." Political Research Quarterly v52, #2 (1999): 239-268.

Olander, Marcia. "Costa Rica in 1948: Cold War or Local War?" Americas: A Quarterly Review of Inter-American Cultural History v52, #4 (1996): 465-493.

Page Fortna, Virginia. "Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War." International Studies Quarterly v48, #2 (2004): 269-292.

Pearce, Jenny. "From Civil War to 'Civil Society': Has the End of the Cold War Brought Peace to Central America?" International Affairs v74, #3 (1998): 587-615.

Peceny, Mark and William Stanley, "Liberal Social Reconstruction and the Resolution of Civil Wars in Central America," International Organization v55, #1 (2001): 149-182.

Stedman, Stephen. "Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes." International Security v22, #2 (1997): 5-53

Walter, Barbara. "The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement." International Organization v51, #3 (1997): 335-364.

Walter, Barbara. "Designing Transitions from Civil War: Demobilization, Democratization, and Commitments to Peace." International Security v24, #1 (1999): 127-155.

Wood, Elisabeth. "Civil Wars: What We Don't Know." Global Governance v9, #2 (2003): 247-260.

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Under what conditions are indigenous rebellions likely to occur?

Andolina, Robert. "The Sovereign and Its Shadow: Constituent Assembly and Indigenous Movement in Ecuador." Journal of Latin American Studies v35, #4 (2003): 721-750.

Brysk, Alison. "Turning Weakness into Strength: The Internationalization of Indian Rights." Latin American Perspectives v23, #2 (1996): 38-57.

Ching, Erik and Virginia Tilley. "Indians, the Military and the Rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador." Journal of Latin American Studies v30, #1 (1998): 121-156.

Cleary, Matthew. "Democracy and Indigenous Rebellion in Latin America." Comparative< Political Studies v33, #9 (2000): 1123-1153.

Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. "On Economic Causes of Civil War." Oxford Economic Papers v50, #4 (1998): 563-573.

Grandin, Greg. "To End with All These Evils: Ethnic Transformation and Community Mobilization in Guatemala's Western Highlands, 1954-1980." Latin American Perspectives v24, #2 (1997): 7-34.

Hale, Charles. "Does Multiculturalism Menace?: Governance, Cultural Rights and the Politics of Identity in Guatemala." Journal of Latin American Studies v34, #3 (2002): 485-524.

Harder Horst, Rene. "The Catholic Church, Human Rights Advocacy, and Indigenous Resistance in Paraguay, 1969-1989." The Catholic Historical Review v88, #4 (2002): 723-744.

Jung, Courtney. "The Politics of Indigenous Identity: Neoliberalism, Cultural Rights, and the Mexican Zapatistas." Social Research v70, #2 (2003): 433-463.

Kearney, Michael. "Indigenous Ethnicity and Mobilization in Latin America." Latin American Perspectives v23, #2 (1996): 5-16.

Moog Rodrigues, Maria Guadalupe. "Indigenous Rights in Brazil." Human Rights Quarterly v24, #2 (2002): 487-512.

Nash, June. "The Reassertion of Ethnic Identity: Mayan Responses to State Intervention in Chiapas." Latin American Research Review v30, #3 (1995): 7-41.

Otero, Gerardo. "The 'Indian Question' in Latin America: Class, State, and Ethnic Identity Construction." Latin American Research Review v38, #1 (1995): 248-267.

Patrino, Harry. "The Cost of Discrimination in Latin America." Studies in Comparative International Development v35, #2 (2000): 3-17.

Roper, J. Montgomery, Thomas Perrault, and Patrick Wilson. "Introduction: Transformational Movements in Contemporary Latin America." Latin American Perspectives v30, #1 (2003): 5-22.

Sawyer, Suzana. "The 1992 Indian Mobilization in Lowland Ecuador." Latin American Perspectives v24, #3 (1996): 65-82.

Seligson, Mitchell. "Agrarian Inequality and the Theory of Peasant Rebellion." Latin American Research Review v31, #2 (1996): 140-157.

Tilley, Virginia. "New Help or New Hegemony?: The Transnational Peoples' Movement and 'Being Indian' in El Salvador." Journal of Latin American Studies v34, #3 (2002): 525-554.

Van Cott, Donna. "Explaining Ethnic Autonomy Regimes in Latin America." Studies in Comparative International Development v35, #4 (2001): 30-58.

Yashar, Deborah. "Contesting Citizenship: Indigenous Movements and Democracy in Latin America." Comparative Politics v31, #1 (1998): 23-42.

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Under what conditions are citizens likely to support market-oriented economic reform?

Bruhn, Kathleen. "Social Spending and Political Support: The 'Lessons' of the National Solidarity Program in Mexico." Comparative Politics v27, #2 (1996): 151-177.

Buendía, Jorge. "Economic Reform, Public Opinion and Presidential Approval in Mexico, 1988-1993." Comparative Political Studies v29, #5 (1996): 566-92.

Elordi, Carlos. "Economic Values and Party Preference in Mexico, Argentina, and the United States." International Social Science Journal #163 (2000): 15-30.

Graham, Carol and Cheikh Kane. "Opportunistic Government or Sustaining Reform?: Electoral Trends and Public-Expenditure Patterns in Peru, 1990-1995." Latin American Research Review v33, #1 (1998): 67-104.

Graham, Carol and Sandip Sukhtankar. "Does Economic Crisis Reduce Support for Markets and Democracy in Latin America?: Some Evidence from Surveys of Public Opinion and Well Being." Journal of Latin American Studies v36, #2 (2004): 349-377.

Kaufman, Robert and Leo Zuckermann. "Attitudes Toward Economic Reform in Mexico: The Role of Political Orientation." American Political Science Review v92, #2 (1998): 359-375.

Morgan Kelly, Jana. "Counting on the Past or Investing in the Future: Economic and Political Accountability in Fujimori's Peru." Journal of Politics v65, #3 (2003): 864-880.

Roberts, Kenneth and Moisés Arce. "Neoliberalism and Lower-Class Voting Behavior in Peru." Comparative Political Studies v31, #2 (1998): 217-246.

Stokes, Susan. "Economic Reform and Public Opinion in Peru, 1990-1995." Comparative Political Studies v29, #5 (1996): 544-565.

Tafel, Heather and Dexter Boniface. "Old Carrots, New Sticks: Explaining Labor Strategies toward Economic Reform in Eastern Europe and Latin America." Comparative Politics v35, #3 (2003): 313-333.

Welsch, Friedrich and José Carrasquero. "Perceptions of State Reform in Latin America." International Social Science Journal #163 (2000): 31-38.

Weyland, Kurt. "A Paradox of Success?: Determinants of Political Support for President Fujimori." International Studies Quarterly v44, #3 (2000): 481-502.

Weyland, Kurt. "The Political Fate of Market Reform in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe." International Studies Quarterly v42, #4 (1998): 645-673.

Weyland, Kurt. "Swallowing the Bitter Pill: Sources of Popular Support for Neoliberal Reform in Latin America." Comparative Political Studies v31, #5 (1998): 539-568.

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