Greek

Sentence structure and word order

• O-S-V. 37c, 62b.
• Adverb comes before direct object. 45e.

Nouns and pronouns

• It pronoun omitted. 44a.
• Subject pronoun repeats subject. 44.
• No distinction between human and nonhuman relative pronoun. 46a.

Verbs and verbals

• No equivalent of do. 41c.
• No progressive aspects of tenses. 61d, 63e.
• No -ing gerund. 61d, 63e.

Adjectives and adverbs

• Adjectives show number. 45.

Articles

• Definite article used with a generalization. 60c–60e.
• No indefinite article before subject complement. 60c.
• Definite article with proper noun. 60f.

Hebrew (Israel)

Sentence structure and word order

• V-S-O. 37c, 62b.

Nouns and pronouns

• No relative pronouns. 46a.
• Object pronoun remains in relative clause. 46I, 62f.

Hindi (India)

Sentence structure and word order

• That clause is used in place of infinitive. 61c.

Nouns and pronouns

• No gender distinction in pronouns. 44a.

Verbs and verbals

• No equivalent of do. 41c.
• More extensive use of present progressive in English in contexts where simple present is required. 41d, 41e.
• No distinction between present progressive and present perfect progressive. 64b.

Adjectives and adverbs

• No distinction between too and very. 64b.

Articles

• No equivalent of definite article. 60.

Portuguese (Portugal, Azores, Cape Verde, and Brazil)

Sentence structure and word order

• Indirect question retains question word order. 62d.
• Adverb comes before direct object. 45e.
• No impersonal it subject. 38d, 44a, 62a, 62f.
• Have used in place of there is/there are. 30b, 64f.

Verbs and verbals

• No equivalent of do. 41c.
• No -ing gerund. 61d, 63e.
• No present perfect progressive. 41d, 41e.
• Infinitive form is used after modal verbs. 41c, 61.

Adjectives and adverbs

• Double negative common. 45g.

Articles

• Definite article used with a generalization. 60c–60e.
• Definite article with proper noun. 60f.

Tagalog (The Philippines)

Sentence structure and word order

• V-S-O. 37c, 62b.

Nouns and pronouns

• No relative pronouns. 46.
46I, 62f.