• What is Taxed? Defining the Tax Base
  • Some Useful Distinctions and Examples
  • The Income Tax Base
  • Haig-Simons Definition of Income
  • The Sales Tax Base
  • The Value-Added Tax Base
  • Applying the VAT
  • Comparison of Income, Sales, and Value-Added Tax Bases
• How is the Tax Applied? Tax Rates, Exemptions, Deduction, and Credits
  • Exemptions, Deductions, and Credits
  • Statutory and Effective Tax Rates
  • Average and Marginal Tax Rates
  • Taxation and Income
• Policy Study: The Flat Tax