After studying this chapter, students should be able to

1. Differentiate between internal and external motivators in the workplace.
2. Explain the five characteristics of motives.
3. Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's motivation-maintenance theory.
4. Compare and contrast Theory X and Theory Y leadership styles.
5. Describe how expectations influence motivation.
6. List and describe contemporary motivation strategies.
7. Describe selected self-motivation strategies.