1. The Complex Nature of Motivation
   1. Motivation defined -- the reason people do what they do
      1. Internal and external motivators
   2. The Motivation to Satisfy Basic Desires
   3. Characteristics of motives
      1. Motives are individualistic
      2. Motives change
      3. Motives may be unconscious
      4. Motives are often inferred
      5. Motives are hierarchical
2. Influential Motivational Theories
   1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
      1. Physiological needs
      2. Safety and security needs
      3. Social or belongingness needs
      4. Esteem needs
      5. Self-actualization needs
   2. Maslow's theory reconsidered
   3. Herzberg's Motivation-Maintenance Theory
      1. Maintenance factors: salary, fringe benefits, supervision, appropriate working conditions, social relationships, policies and administration
      2. Motivational factors: achievement, responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for advancement
   4. Expectancy Theory
      1. Motivational strength is determined by whether or not you believe you can be successful at a task
   5. Goal-Setting Theory
      1. Goals provide the power of purpose by directing energy toward a specific target; they encourage you to make the effort to actually do something rather than simply dream about it; they encourage persistence that help you go beyond obstacles; and they force you to bridge the gap between the dream and the reality.
   6. McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y (Human Relations in Action boxed insert)
3. Contemporary Employee Motivation Strategies
   1. Motivation through job design
      1. Job rotation
      2. Job enlargement
      3. Job enrichment
   2. Motivation through incentives
   3. Motivation through learning opportunities
   4. Motivation through empowerment
   5. Motivation through others' expectations
4. Self-Motivation Strategies
   1. Go outside your comfort zone
   2. Build immunity to cynicism
   3. Strive for balance
   4. Take action